What are the Subclades of Haplogroup R?
Y-DNA Haplogroup R is perhaps the most prominent Y-DNA lineage on Earth today. It is the pre-eminent Y haplogroup in Europe, the U.S. and India. While the exact location for the origin of Haplogroup R is under debate, its general placement in West-Central Asia was followed by expansion in all directions, stretching to the ‘Seven Seas’. The date for its origin is in the Paleolithic Era, 35-40kya, and populations harboring this Y-DNA variant survived the Ice Ages to repopulate much of Europe and Asia. Migration episodes included excursions to Africa, South East Asia and in recent eras, the invasion of and immigration to the Americas by West European nations such as Spain, England and Ireland where the levels of Haplogroup R are near 90%. The Atlantic Modal Haplotype, a popular haplotype on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, is also linked to Y-DNA Haplogroup R.
The further refinement of Y-chromosome ancestry can be obtained by using the Y-DNA Haplogroup R Subclade Testing Panel from Genebase. This panel is based upon a collection of SNPs that identify sub-branches or subclades of Y-DNA haplogroup R. This haplogroup has many subclades, most stemming from the R1b branch of the tree.
Description of the panel
The Y-DNA Haplogroup R Subclade Test examines a panel of 28 SNP markers in the Y-DNA. The 27 SNP markers allow for the determination of 28 different subclades of Y-DNA Haplogroup R.
The following table lists the 28 SNP markers which are examiend in the Y-DNA Haplogroup R Subclade test.
These markers are used to define the 28 different subclades in Haplogroup R. The location of the SNP, the actual mutation that is detected, and the subclade that they define are listed below for each of the markers in the panel.
The 28 SNPs included in the Genebase Haplogroup R Subclade Panel and the Subclades that they define:
R Subclades
|
Y- SNP Mutations
|
|
R1a1a
|
SRY10831.2
(1998)
|
M198 (2001)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1a1a1
|
SRY10831.2
(1998)
|
M198 (2001)
|
M56
(2000)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1a1a2
|
SRY10831.2
(1998)
|
M198 (2001)
|
M157 (2000)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1a1a3
|
SRY10831.2
(1998)
|
M198 (2001)
|
M87
(2000)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1a1a4
|
SRY10831.2
(1998)
|
M198 (2001)
|
P98
(May 2008)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1a1a5
|
SRY10831.2
(1998)
|
M198 (2001)
|
PK5
(2006)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1a
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
M18
(1997)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b1
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M73
(2000)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1a
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S21
(Dec 2006)
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1a1
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S21
(Dec 2006)
|
S29
(2006)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1a2
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S21
(Dec 2006)
|
P107
(2006)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1a3
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S21
(Dec 2006)
|
S26
(2006)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1a4
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S21
(Dec 2006)
|
L48
(Nov 2008)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1a4a
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S21
(Dec 2006)
|
L48
(Nov 2008)
|
L45
(Nov 2008)
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b1
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
M65
(2000)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b2
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
M153
(2000)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b3
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
M167
(2000)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b4
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
S28
(2006)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b4a
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
S28
(2006)
|
M126
(2000)
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b4b
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
S28
(2006)
|
M160
(2000)
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b4c
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
S28
(2006)
|
L2
(Sep 2008)
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b4c1
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
S28
(2006)
|
L2
(Sep 2008)
|
L20
(Nov 2008)
|
|
R1b1b2a1b6
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
L21
(Nov 2008)
|
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b6a
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
L21
(Nov 2008)
|
M37
(2000)
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b6b
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
L21
(Nov 2008)
|
M222
(1999)
|
|
|
R1b1b2a1b6c
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
P297
(May 2008)
|
M269
(2002)
|
L23
(Nov 2008)
|
S127
(May 2008)
|
S116
(May 2008)
|
L21
(Nov 2008)
|
P66
(2005)
|
|
|
R1b1c
|
M343
(2004)
|
P25
(2000)
|
M335
(2004)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R2
|
M124
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The R subclade test includes 28 SNPs shown in colored boxes in the table above. Please note that the 6 SNPs shown in the "grey" boxes are not included in the Y-DNA backbone panel. The 6 SNPs shown in grey are "Stand Alone SNP Tests", and are only applicable to qualified individuals after the completion of the R Subclade test. Click here to read more about the stand alone SNPs.
The date that the SNP was first discovered is also shown in the table above.
