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Y-DNA O Subclade SNP Panel

Purpose of test: To provide individuals who are confirmed members of Y-DNA Haplogroup O with further resolution through O Subclade analysis.

Availability: Open to males who are confirmed members of Y-DNA Haplogroup O.

Technology Used: Y-DNA SNP Panel. This test examines 27 SNP markers which define the subclades (sub-branches) of Y-DNA Haplogroup O.

Prerequisites: The Standard Paternal Ancestry Package and the Y-DNA Haplogroup Backbone SNP Test are prerequisites for the Y-DNA Haplogroup O Subclade Test. Your membership in Haplogroup O must be confirmed before you can proceed with O Subclade Testing.

Price:

$89.00 USD

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What is subclade testing?

Subclade testing can provide increased resolution of your placement on the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. Before your subclade can be determined, you must first know what haplogroup you fall into. Haplogroups are defined by a unique mutation event such as a single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendents of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutation has been passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs may occur within a haplogroup, leading to a new lineage. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. By testing for the presence of SNPs that have been identified as being indicative of a subclade within a haplogroup, you can now determine which specific subclade you belong to within your previously determined haplogroup.

What are the subclades of Haplogroup O?

Haplogroup O is one of the more diverse Y-DNA haplogroups and consists of 32 unique lineages, or subclades. These subclades can be grouped into one of the three major subclades within Haplogroup O (aside from the paragroup O*): Subclade O1, Subclade O2 and Subclade O3. Subclade O1 consists of five deeper subclades whereas Subclade O2 has seven; Subclade O3 is by far the more complex with a total of 19 identified subclades. Refer to the Phylogenetic Trees below (Figure 1a and 1b) for a representation of the phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O, indicating the relationship among the numerous subclades. Since this haplogroup consists of a large number of subclades, the tree has been divided into Subclades O1 and O2 (and the deeper clades within these subclades; Figure 1a) and Subclade O3 (Figure 1b).

Figure 1a. Phylogenetic tree showing all subclades derived from Subclade O1 and Subclade O2 in Haplogroup O. The SNP mutations in red are those used in the Y-DNA Haplogroup O Subclade Test to determine your subclade, whereas the SNPs in black text indicate other mutations that are associated with the subclades. Figure 1b shows the phylogenetic tree for subclades associated with Subclade O3.

Figure 1b. Phylogenetic tree indicating all subclades associated with Subclade O3 in Haplogroup O. The SNP mutations in red are those used in the Y-DNA Haplogroup O Subclade Test to determine your subclade, whereas the SNPs in black text indicate othe mutations that are associated with the subclades. Figure 1a shows the phylogenetic tree for subclades associated with Subclades O1 and O2.

Description of the Panel

The Y-DNA Haplogroup O Subclade Test consists of a two separate panels: one to test for deeper subclades within Subclade O1 and O2 (Panel One), and other to test for deeper subclades within Subclade O3 (Panel Two). Panel One consists of 12 markers that enable identification of 11 different subclades. Panel Two consists of 16 markers that distinguish 16 different subclades. The location of the SNP, the actual mutation that is detected, and the subclade that they define is listed below for each of the two panels (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1. List of the SNP markers used in the Y-DNA Haplogroup O Subclade O1 and O2 Test.

Location of SNP	SNP	Haplogroup O subclade
M119	A > C	O1a
P203	G > A	O1a1
M101	C > T	O1a1a
M103	C > T	O1a2
P31	T > C	O2
M95	C > T	O2a
M88	A > G	O2a1
PK4	A > T	O2a1a
M297	A > G	O2a2
M176	C > T	O2b
47z	G > C	O2b1

Table 2. List of the SNP markers used in the Y-DNA Haplogroup O Subclade O3 Test.

Location of SNP	SNP	Haplogroup O subclade
M324	G > C	O3a
M121	AGAAA del	O3a1
M164	T > C	O3a2
P201	T > C	O3a3
M159	A > C	O3a3a
M7	C > G	O3a3b
M113	A > G	O3a3b1
P164	T > C	O3a3b2
M134	G del	O3a3c
M117	AGAT del	O3a3c1
M162	C > C/T	O3a3c1a
P101	G > A	O3a3c2
IMS-JST002611	C > T	O3a4
P103	G > C	O3a4a
M300	G > A	O3a5
M333	G ins	O3a6

Description of the Subclades

A summary of the information currently known about each of the subclades within Haplogroup O. For simplicity, all paragroups were omitted from the table since information about paragroups is often difficult to differentiate from the founding subclade from which it was derived.

Subclade	Age (Mean)	Age (Min)	Age (Max)	Main Distribution	References
O1				East Asian coast	Su et al 1999; Li 2005; Zhang et al 2007
O1a	33,765	28,544	38,986	Common in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Tai-Kadai	Karafet et al 2005; Kayser et al 2003; Li et al 2008a,b
				Very common in Taiwan (near 100%)	Capelli et al. 2001; Kayser et al. 2003
O1a1				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O1a1a				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O1a2	3,420	2,245	5,570	Not found in China; restricted to Austronesian-speaking men of Southeast Asia and Micronesia	Su et al 1999; Su et al 2000; Karafet et al 2005
O2				Common in Southeast Asia and Hainan Island in East Asia	Kayser et al 2003; Li et al 2008a
O2a	11,700	10,100	13,300	Common in Austro-Asiatic, Tai-Kadai, Malay, and Indonesian groups	Kayser et al 2003; Kumar et al 2007; Li et al 2008b; Sengupta et al 2006
				Detected at moderate frequencies in South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia	Sengupta et al 2006
O2a1				Frequent among Hani, She, Tai, Cambodian, and Vietnamese populations	Hammer et al 2006; Nonaka et al 2007
				Detected at moderate frequencies in Qiang, Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, and Han Chinese of Sichuan, Guangxi, and Guangdong	Li et al 2008b
O2a1a				Found at a low frequency among Pashtuns of Pakistan	Firaset et al 2007
O2a2				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O2b	2,700	1,100	7,100	Detected in Ryukyuan, Japanese, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Thai, Manchu, Evenk, and Micronesian populations	Hammer et al 2006; Jin et al 2003
O2b1	8,160	3,810	12,270	Common in Japanese and Ryukyuan	Hammer et al 2006
				Detected in Indonesians, Thais, Koreans, and Vietnamese	Hammer et al 2006
				Yayoi founding lineage	Hammer et al 2006

Subclade	Age (Mean)	Age (Min)	Age (Max)	Main Distribution	References
O3	19,300	16,000	24,000	May be associated with the spread of rice farming	Su et al 1999; Karafet et al 2005; Scheinfeldt et al 2006
				Common throughout Asia and Austronesian regions of Oceania	Karafet et al 2005
				Detected at moderate frequencies in Central Asia	Kayser et al 2003
O3a	29,816	21,053	38,579		Shi et al 2005
O3a1				Detected at low frequencies in Austroasiatic populations of Southeast Asia and Han Chinese	Su et al 2005
O3a2				Detected at low frequencies in Austroasiatic of Southeast Asia	Su et al 2005
O3a3				Detected at moderate frequency in Japan	Nonaka et al 2007
O3a3a				Detected at low frequencies in East Asia	Li et al 2008a; Xue et al 2006
O3a3b	28,317	36,759	19,875	Typical of Hmong-Mien groups, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese, Buyei, Qiang, and Oroqen	Shi et al 2005; Xue et al 2006
				Detected from ancient remains along the Yangtze River	Li et al 2007
O3a3b1				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O3a3b1a				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O3a3b1b				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O3a3b2				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O3a3c	17,278	6,500	33,799	Typical of Sino-Tibetan populations; distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia	Sengupta et al 2006; Shi et al 2005
O3a3c1	29,807	22,217	37,398	Specific data for this subclade is not available	Shi et al 2005
O3a3c1a				Detected within Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman language groups in Southeast and East Asia	Su et al 2005
O3a3c2				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O3a4				Detected at low frequencies in Japan	Nonaka et al 2007
O3a4a				Detected at low frequencies in Japan	Nonaka et al 2007
O3a5				Specific data for this subclade is not available
O3a6				Specific data for this subclade is not available

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